Telstra

Background Telstra is a descendant of the Post Master General's (PMG) Department of the Australian Commonwealth Public Service. In 1975 telecommunications and postal functions were divided into two statutory commissions: Telecom Australia and Australia Post. Telecom Australia, the government-owned communications carrier, later merged with a much smaller government body, OTC, then responsible for international calls. Telecom rebranded itself as Telstra in the early 1990s. Telstra has faced competition since the late 1980s from competing providers.It retains ownership of the fixed-line telephone network, as well as one of two competing pay-tv and data cable networks. Other companies offering fixed-line services must therefore deal with Telstra. Competing telecommunication companies have constantly accused Telstra of overcharging for wholesale access to their networks the ACCC has often agreed but decisions by the regulator are slow. [1] Current Situation Australia’s leading tele communications and information Services Company, Telstra Corporation Ltd is well poised to deliver a high level of service in the highly competitive communications market in Australia and abroad.Telstra’s service offerings include: – Local, long-distance and international telephony services – Mobile telecommunications services – Data, Internet and online services – Wholesale services to other carriers – Telephone directories – Pay television services Telstra employs approximately 40,000 staff and generates revenues of some US$18 billion in its most recent fiscal year. [2] SWOT Analysis After careful deliberation, a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities & threats) analysis was developed that was reflected in a selection of OB (Organisational Behaviour) Theories that demonstrate the general abilities and framework of Telstra.All of these theories will be explored further with regard to how they shape policies, provide direction or lim it growth in relation to the SWOT analysis (Ref. to Appendix A). Issue Analysis Competition â€Å"Competitors use tactics like price reductions, new product introductions, and advertising campaigns to gain advantage over their rivals. Competition is most intense when there are many direct competitors, when industry growth is slow, or when the product or service cannot be differentiated in some way. † [3]Competition is only a recent challenge for Telstra as it had government protection and maintained an effective monopoly of telecommunications in Australia for many years. However, with the recent deregulation of the market and the increase in players, Telstra has increasingly been threatened with higher competition from competitors. The increase of players in this market will surely cause customers to go ‘shopping’ for the best deals, hence Telstra is being and will be forced further in the future to improve its’ image and offers so as to retain an effectiv e market share.Thus said, the telecommunications industry has changed as global sentiment towards telecommunications has turned negative in recent years, and has come to the stage where the market currently rewards commercial discipline and conservatism within the industry. [4] In the corrections that has followed these events, plus the collapse of the dotcoms and tier 2 Telcos, and the investment rebalancing post the millennium bug era, an estimated 3 trillion US dollars has been wiped off the value of Telco stocks worldwide in the last two years.The Australian industry has not escaped this market reaction, or the pressure that accompanies a sudden slowdown in revenue growth from the exciting ride of the nineties. But in this reporting period so far, the Australian telecommunications industry sees a number of carriers earning reasonable revenues and showing some signs of profit improvement, and many are experiencing growth in customers and market share. Most significantly, the firs t five years of open competition in Australia have delivered considerable benefits for consumers: lower prices, better service, more investment and innovation, and more choice. 5] According to Telstra staff, five years of open competition has also made Telstra a better company, a better competitor and a better servant of their customers. Telstra had to change and adapt, which they have – and they’re now seeing the benefits. Still, Telstra must retain some level of strength and influence over the telecommunications market as several of Telstra’s competitors complain that Telstra as a company is too large. Supposedly, they cannot compete against Telstra due to its size, range of services, and nationwide coverage.Telstra is too powerful, and its’ competitors are calling for ‘structural separation’, and dismantling Telstra into smaller companies that would run the wholesale network and serve retail customers. [6] Cost Competitiveness Cost competi tiveness is best described as keeping costs low in order to achieve profits and prices that are attractive to customers, in which Telstra can offer low prices by managing their costs and keeping them down. This means being efficient, accomplishing their goals by using their resources wisely, and minimizing waste. 7] With regard to cost competitiveness, Telstra is able to compete with the best in the market, although deregulation and the increase in telecommunications companies such as Optus and Vodafone are proving themselves as potential threats to Telstra’s dominance of the telecommunications market in Australia. Telstra continues to deliver on cost control. The cost performance of the company has been disciplined and underpins revenue performance. It is a prerequisite for success in providing value for their customers.Telstra also needs to take into consideration the challenge that sustained technological change creates for Australia’s telecommunications system. In additions, as a geographically vast country with a highly dispersed population, located at a great distance from its trading partners, Australia depends more heavily than other countries do on the quality, efficiency and innovativeness of its telecommunications system. As new technologies expand the benefits telecommunications can bring, Australians in particular, stand to gain from an environment that promotes prompt adoption and widespread use.Within three to five years, it is estimated the process of convergence will offer the greatest opportunities in this respect. â€Å"Convergence†, viewed from a technological perspective, refers to the process by which services that were previously supported over distinct communications infrastructures are integrated around a common, high capacity, digital platform. This brings with it the blurring of boundaries between once-distinct services and the entry of suppliers from previously separate markets into a now combining and necessari ly wider market place. [8]From the consumer perspective, convergence brings clear gains. Reliance on a common infrastructure allows efficiencies to be obtained, reducing costs and charges. That infrastructure’s high capacity allows new services to be offered, extending the range of content and applications that consumers can access. At the same time, the merging of markets brings previously separated suppliers into head-on competition – with all the benefits that competition yields. Although potentially a threat for Telstra as it may lose market share in particular areas, it is also an opportunity if it can take dvantage of lowering prices to attract more customers. This will depend on the strength of Telstra’s innovations in drawing customer’s attention, but also on way Telstra can uphold profits while lowering prices without staff cutbacks or branch closures. [9] It is against this backdrop that the impact of regulation needs to be assessed. By adding u ncertainty to what is already a highly uncertain environment, the current regulation of access discourages investment both by Telstra and by Telstra’s competitors.At the same time, the bias – in the direction of trying to set ever lower charges for access seekers, regardless of costs – that has emerged in ACCC decision-making distorts price signals and expectations in ways inimical to efficient investment and to technological change. This lack of any internally consistent, rigorous approach by the ACCC to decisions such as these is, in Telstra’s view, unjustifiable. It is no defence to say, as the ACCC does in its most recent submission to the Commission, that overall Telstra’s PSTN is profitable.Even putting aside the absurdities evident in the manner in which the ACCC has reached this assessment, the ACCC’s argument seems to imply that so long as Telstra is not â€Å"going under†, access pricing decisions can be taken without proper regard to their consequences for Telstra’s ability to recover costs and finance investments. No doubt, this decision comes as a huge threat to Telstra’s competitiveness in the communications industry and Telstra is set to potential lose a large slice of the market share or shareholder confidence, depending on how the company responds to the announcement.The reality is that at the margin, Telstra must allocate its funds among competing uses in the light not of the short term or immediate profitability of the grouping of services they support, but of their return over the lifetime of the assets being acquired. Even if it were the case that Telstra’s PSTN was â€Å"profitable† in some economically relevant sense today, it is the future profitability of the service that counts; and the ever strengthening competition in this area, combined with continued heavy-handed regulatory intervention, hardly makes investment in the CAN attractive when ompared to altern atives. No less importantly, the fact remains that the ACCC’s decisions, by setting access charges below cost, cannot but distort and depress investment in regulated assets, as the return on that investment to Telstra is reduced below the return it yields to consumers and service suppliers as a whole. It is these impacts at the margin, rather than aggregate comparisons of costs and revenues, that are economically relevant. Quality Quality can be measured in terms of performance, additional features, reliability (failure or breakdowns), and conformance to standards, durability, serviceability, and aesthetics. † In addition,† the excellence of a product, including such things as attractiveness, lack of defects, reliability, and long-term dependability. † defines the expectations that many people these days have of companies and consequently, the kind of service that Telstra endeavours to deliver. [10] The importance of quality, and standards for acceptable qua lity, has increased dramatically in recent years.Firms cannot get by offering poor quality products as they could a few years ago. Customers now demand high quality and value, and generally will accept nothing less. [11] Telstra’s performance in regional and rural Australia is constantly under scrutiny. Telstra welcomes this scrutiny because the level of improvement in service levels and performance in regional, rural and remote Australia over the past two years has been dramatic. [12] In recognition of the special needs of regional customers, Telstra Country Wide â„ ¢ was established in June 2000.According to Telstra, it was one of the best business decisions they ever took. Telstra Country Wide today services three million customers who account for more than $3 billion in revenue to Telstra, no doubt a strength in revenue for Telstra, although raises questions as to whether service is being reduced to make way for increased revenue. [13] Even so, remote customers can now make untimed local calls to community service towns hundreds of kilometres away, which better reflects the reality of life in rural Australia. Mobile coverage now reaches 97% of the population.To achieve this, Telstra has been working with the Federal Government to establish mobile services to smaller towns and to improve the quality of mobile connections nationwide. [14] Speed In the Information Age, speed is everything to nearly everyone, which makes it a priority for Telstra to deliver the kind of services that people expect. While Telstra’s services in rural Australia are often reported to be lacking in terms of connection times for phone and internet, as well as the ability of Telstra staff to respond to customer requests or complaints, new technologies are being sought that can reduce these problems.Hence, how fast can Telstra develop and get a new product to market? How quickly can they respond to customer’s requests? Telstra is far better off if they are faste r than the competition and if they can respond quickly to their competitors’ actions. [15] Therefore, Telstra has seen an opportunity in this to respond to people’s needs and increasingly has promoted ‘broadband’ as a viable, effective and efficient way of ensuring speed in communications.Broadband is growing across Australia because people are attracted to faster download times and having a permanent online connection. [16] Broadband enables a high-speed permanent Internet connection. It’s about faster Internet speeds, increased capacity and capabilities and more compelling content. A modem is needed, but there are no dial in access numbers to connect to. [17] Innovations Whether it is a change in technology; a departure from previous ways of doing things or introduction of new products, innovation is something that most uccessful companies possess and use to further either market share or consumer satisfaction. Depending on Telstra’s compet itiveness and creativity, innovation can be a huge opportunity in grasping larger market shares and customers, or it can be a threat if other companies are more innovative. Telstra has managed to use innovative ideas to shape its’ success and satisfy consumer demands, some of the latest innovations being the Homeline Plans, Telstra Rewards Options, Homelink ® 1800 and Telstra Mobile CDMA. 18] Homeline plans allows the customer to select options that best suit them, whether they have friends and family close by, in another state or another country and whether they make lots of calls every day or just a few each week, in order to bring about maximum savings. [19] Telstra Rewards Options gives the customer the chance to save 5% or 10% on their phone bill by combining their Telstra home phone, Telstra Mobile and Telstra BigPondâ„ ¢, as well as having the added convenience of only one bill.Homelink ® 1800 makes it easy for a family member to call home – and they don' t need cash or special cards. [20] Telstra Mobile CDMA is used particularly in rural regions of Australia and offers: call clarity and security; network security lock; background noise suppression; and call clarity and security. Because CDMA uses a more sophisticated system of transmitting voice signals, the phone is not dissimilar to talking on a normal phone. What's more, CDMA signals are almost impossible to decipher if they are intercepted by eavesdroppers, which means conversations are more secure.Increasingly, more of Telstra’s revenues will come from their operations overseas. They will continue to see popular innovations, both overseas and in Australia, that will change the way people work, learn, communicate and receive information and entertainment. [21] In international growth, Telstra’s focus is on business mobiles, data and Internet, particularly in the Asia and Pacific Region, which is where it is felt that a good commercial history and experience there w ill help in realising opportunities for shareholders.Telstra’s investments in Asia have provided them with a platform for regional growth. [22] Downsizing Put simply, downsizing is the planned elimination of positions or jobs, and has caused its fair share of controversy surrounding companies in recent times that are laying off large numbers of workers and sacrificing customer service at the expense of large profits and boosting investor confidence. [23]Although historically, layoffs tend to affect manufacturing firms and operative level workers in particular, the most recent cycle of downsizing has focused on delivering and eliminating bureaucratic structures, and hence, â€Å"white collar† middle managers have been those chiefly affected. [24] Hence, firms such as Telstra should avoid excessive (cyclical) hiring to help reduce the need to engage in major or multiple downsizings.Beyond that, firms must avoid common mistakes such as making slow, small, frequent layoffs ; implementing voluntary early retirement programs that entice the best people to leave; or laying off so many people that company’s work can no longer be performed. [25] Therefore, caution must be sought when laying off any amount of workers, as the company must maintain job satisfaction as a strength as well as be focused on customer service in order to avoid customer dissatisfaction and hence customers going to competitors. 26] Recommendations After reviewing Telstra and comparing what they do with other business similar to theirs, I have put together a new and innovative way for Telstra to revitalise and recreate their business, this will not only improve customer service but also improve productively as this will allow many processes to be completed much faster by not needing to deal with the usual misunderstandings and confusion associated with some of their services.At present Telstra could be said to be in two worlds that of the typical bureaucratic society, which oft en is seen in public sectors, and that of new technology where by Telstra is highly involved with the introduce of new technology, yet in many ways these changes have results in more issues relating to people not understanding how to use the new technology correctly, this not includes both employees as well as their clients. Such issues as these are common when new technology is introduced, yet with a business such as Telstra which already has a variety of customer service problems, this new technology has added to their worries.The only way that Telstra can overcome these issues is by combining them, to create new innovated ideas that not only still allow human to human interaction but also makes better use of technology to not only improve customer service but also to speed it up. After considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Telstra with regard to it, it is fair to comment Telstra is well poised to continue to play a large part in the Australasian tele communications market. While Telstra is by many standards a very successful company, much of that success lay behind government protection.However, with the deregulation of the telecommunications market, the future is less certain for Telstra and more competition may threaten its market share and cause the company to improve its services. However, this should be viewed positively as an opportunity for Telstra to move forward, in particular expanding into Asia, and be seen as a company that can support itself. This increased competition will in time show Telstra’s true strengths and weaknesses in the field of telecommunications and if the company can hold its place in the Australian telecommunications industry. Reference List Interview Five Telstra Employees (They want to remain anonymous) Books – Bateman & Snell, Management: Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002 – Kelly, J. (1969). Organizational Behaviour, USA: Irwin – McShane, S an d Travaglione, T. (2003). Organisational Behaviour On The Pacific Rim, Sydney, McGraw-Hill – Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter (2003). Management, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Australia – Robbins, S. P. , Waters-Marsh, T. , Cacioppe, R. , and Millet, B. (1994). Organisational Behaviour. Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Prentice Hall – Organisational Behaviour.Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Prentice Hall – Sayles, L and Strauss, G. (1966). Human Behaviour In Organizations, USA: Prentice Hall Websites – Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. – Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23/ 9/05]. – Glossary Terms, Available: http://www. ots. treas. gov/glossary/gloss-m. html [24/09/05] – Marketing Strategy, Available: http://www. tutor2u. net/business/gcse/marketing_strategy_introduction. htm [24/09/05] à ¢â‚¬â€œ Telstra Facts – http://www. absoluteastronomy. om/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm [24/09/05]. – Telstra Just Too Good. Available: http://www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc [25/09/05] – Telstra Options. Available: http://www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ [26/09/05] – Telstra Corporation Ltd, History – http://www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 [23/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are driving growth to build shareholders. Available: http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – 4 Key Strategic Areas 2001.Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_3. html [ 29/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – Chairman and CEO’s Message – 2001. Available:http://www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm [24/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporaton Ltd – Domestic Reta il – 2001. Available: http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm [24/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23/09/05] – Wikipedia Encyclopaedia, Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marketing_research [24/09/05]E – Journals – Brenner, O. C. , Singer, Marc G. Management Quarterly. Washington (1984). Vol. 25, Iss. 2, pg. 14 , 7 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) – Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 21 – 49 (ProQuest database, ANU) – Dotson, L. (2004) 10 Ways To Improve Your Customer Service – E. C. Pasour, J. (1983) Privatization: Is it the Answer? The Freeman – Lovata, Linda M. MIS Quarterly. Minneapolis. Jun (1987). Vol 11. Iss. 2, pg. 147, 3 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) – Wettenhall, R. Privatization in Australia: How Much and What Impacts? Canberra, Uni of Canberra. – Simintiras, Antonis C. , Lancaster, Geoffrey A. Management Decision. London (1991). Vol. 29, Iss. 4, pg. 22, 6 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Note: Assortments of lectures and tutorial notes have been used from Organisational Behaviour G. Appendixes SWOT Analysis of Telstra |Strengths |Weaknesses | | | |Competitive Pricing |Rural Services | |Global Nature of Competition: competing overseas eg. South-East Asia |Mobile Phone Coverage / Quality | |Internet Access – BigPondâ„ ¢ Home available across Australia for the cost|Broadband Access / Quality | |of a local call. Broadband ADSL | | |CDMA Network Coverage 97. 1% of Australian pop. Largest cellular | | |mobile coverage in Australia | | |Options to suit everyone: Combining Phone/Mobile/ Internet Bills | | |Phone Range (Landline / Mobile) | | |Directories – White & Yellow Pages (standard / electronic) | | |Opportunities |Threat s | | | | |New / Innovative Products |Increase in Competition (Optus, Vodafone, Transact etc) | |Extend services & the market share of Telstra into other counties |Lose of employment due to technology or cut cost measures | |Improving and Expanding product and service offerings in Australia |The government selling the rest of Telstra (privatisation) | ———————– [1] Telstra Facts – http://www. absoluteastronomy. com/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm [24/09/05]. [2] History, Telstra Corporation Ltd – http://www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 [23/09/05]. [3] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, p. 53 [4] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [5] ibid [6] Telstra Just Too Good.Available: http://www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc [25 September 2 005]. [7] Bateman & Snell, Management: Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002, Glossary (G-2) [8] ibid [9] ibid [10] ibid p. 12 [11] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-7) [12] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [13] ibid [14] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – Domestic Retail – 2001. Available: http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm [24 September 2005]. [15] Bateman & Snell, op. cit p. 12 16] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [17] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23 September 2005]. [18] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-4) [19] Telstra Options. Availa ble: http://www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ [26 September 2005]. [20] ibid [21] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available: ,- !† ? ?  µ  ¶  · E  § ? I I c ) * + – L M N ocUcUcUcEUcEc · iPiPiPiPiPiPi1hchttp://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [22] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23 September 2005]. [23] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-3) [24] ibid p. 283 [25] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – Chairman and CEO’s Message – 2001. Available:http://www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm [24 September 2005]. [26] Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 21 – 49 (ProQuest database, ANU) Telstra Background Telstra is a descendant of the Post Master General's (PMG) Department of the Australian Commonwealth Public Service. In 1975 telecommunications and postal functions were divided into two statutory commissions: Telecom Australia and Australia Post. Telecom Australia, the government-owned communications carrier, later merged with a much smaller government body, OTC, then responsible for international calls. Telecom rebranded itself as Telstra in the early 1990s. Telstra has faced competition since the late 1980s from competing providers.It retains ownership of the fixed-line telephone network, as well as one of two competing pay-tv and data cable networks. Other companies offering fixed-line services must therefore deal with Telstra. Competing telecommunication companies have constantly accused Telstra of overcharging for wholesale access to their networks the ACCC has often agreed but decisions by the regulator are slow. [1] Current Situation Australia’s leading tele communications and information Services Company, Telstra Corporation Ltd is well poised to deliver a high level of service in the highly competitive communications market in Australia and abroad.Telstra’s service offerings include: – Local, long-distance and international telephony services – Mobile telecommunications services – Data, Internet and online services – Wholesale services to other carriers – Telephone directories – Pay television services Telstra employs approximately 40,000 staff and generates revenues of some US$18 billion in its most recent fiscal year. [2] SWOT Analysis After careful deliberation, a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities & threats) analysis was developed that was reflected in a selection of OB (Organisational Behaviour) Theories that demonstrate the general abilities and framework of Telstra.All of these theories will be explored further with regard to how they shape policies, provide direction or lim it growth in relation to the SWOT analysis (Ref. to Appendix A). Issue Analysis Competition â€Å"Competitors use tactics like price reductions, new product introductions, and advertising campaigns to gain advantage over their rivals. Competition is most intense when there are many direct competitors, when industry growth is slow, or when the product or service cannot be differentiated in some way. † [3]Competition is only a recent challenge for Telstra as it had government protection and maintained an effective monopoly of telecommunications in Australia for many years. However, with the recent deregulation of the market and the increase in players, Telstra has increasingly been threatened with higher competition from competitors. The increase of players in this market will surely cause customers to go ‘shopping’ for the best deals, hence Telstra is being and will be forced further in the future to improve its’ image and offers so as to retain an effectiv e market share.Thus said, the telecommunications industry has changed as global sentiment towards telecommunications has turned negative in recent years, and has come to the stage where the market currently rewards commercial discipline and conservatism within the industry. [4] In the corrections that has followed these events, plus the collapse of the dotcoms and tier 2 Telcos, and the investment rebalancing post the millennium bug era, an estimated 3 trillion US dollars has been wiped off the value of Telco stocks worldwide in the last two years.The Australian industry has not escaped this market reaction, or the pressure that accompanies a sudden slowdown in revenue growth from the exciting ride of the nineties. But in this reporting period so far, the Australian telecommunications industry sees a number of carriers earning reasonable revenues and showing some signs of profit improvement, and many are experiencing growth in customers and market share. Most significantly, the firs t five years of open competition in Australia have delivered considerable benefits for consumers: lower prices, better service, more investment and innovation, and more choice. 5] According to Telstra staff, five years of open competition has also made Telstra a better company, a better competitor and a better servant of their customers. Telstra had to change and adapt, which they have – and they’re now seeing the benefits. Still, Telstra must retain some level of strength and influence over the telecommunications market as several of Telstra’s competitors complain that Telstra as a company is too large. Supposedly, they cannot compete against Telstra due to its size, range of services, and nationwide coverage.Telstra is too powerful, and its’ competitors are calling for ‘structural separation’, and dismantling Telstra into smaller companies that would run the wholesale network and serve retail customers. [6] Cost Competitiveness Cost competi tiveness is best described as keeping costs low in order to achieve profits and prices that are attractive to customers, in which Telstra can offer low prices by managing their costs and keeping them down. This means being efficient, accomplishing their goals by using their resources wisely, and minimizing waste. 7] With regard to cost competitiveness, Telstra is able to compete with the best in the market, although deregulation and the increase in telecommunications companies such as Optus and Vodafone are proving themselves as potential threats to Telstra’s dominance of the telecommunications market in Australia. Telstra continues to deliver on cost control. The cost performance of the company has been disciplined and underpins revenue performance. It is a prerequisite for success in providing value for their customers.Telstra also needs to take into consideration the challenge that sustained technological change creates for Australia’s telecommunications system. In additions, as a geographically vast country with a highly dispersed population, located at a great distance from its trading partners, Australia depends more heavily than other countries do on the quality, efficiency and innovativeness of its telecommunications system. As new technologies expand the benefits telecommunications can bring, Australians in particular, stand to gain from an environment that promotes prompt adoption and widespread use.Within three to five years, it is estimated the process of convergence will offer the greatest opportunities in this respect. â€Å"Convergence†, viewed from a technological perspective, refers to the process by which services that were previously supported over distinct communications infrastructures are integrated around a common, high capacity, digital platform. This brings with it the blurring of boundaries between once-distinct services and the entry of suppliers from previously separate markets into a now combining and necessari ly wider market place. [8]From the consumer perspective, convergence brings clear gains. Reliance on a common infrastructure allows efficiencies to be obtained, reducing costs and charges. That infrastructure’s high capacity allows new services to be offered, extending the range of content and applications that consumers can access. At the same time, the merging of markets brings previously separated suppliers into head-on competition – with all the benefits that competition yields. Although potentially a threat for Telstra as it may lose market share in particular areas, it is also an opportunity if it can take dvantage of lowering prices to attract more customers. This will depend on the strength of Telstra’s innovations in drawing customer’s attention, but also on way Telstra can uphold profits while lowering prices without staff cutbacks or branch closures. [9] It is against this backdrop that the impact of regulation needs to be assessed. By adding u ncertainty to what is already a highly uncertain environment, the current regulation of access discourages investment both by Telstra and by Telstra’s competitors.At the same time, the bias – in the direction of trying to set ever lower charges for access seekers, regardless of costs – that has emerged in ACCC decision-making distorts price signals and expectations in ways inimical to efficient investment and to technological change. This lack of any internally consistent, rigorous approach by the ACCC to decisions such as these is, in Telstra’s view, unjustifiable. It is no defence to say, as the ACCC does in its most recent submission to the Commission, that overall Telstra’s PSTN is profitable.Even putting aside the absurdities evident in the manner in which the ACCC has reached this assessment, the ACCC’s argument seems to imply that so long as Telstra is not â€Å"going under†, access pricing decisions can be taken without proper regard to their consequences for Telstra’s ability to recover costs and finance investments. No doubt, this decision comes as a huge threat to Telstra’s competitiveness in the communications industry and Telstra is set to potential lose a large slice of the market share or shareholder confidence, depending on how the company responds to the announcement.The reality is that at the margin, Telstra must allocate its funds among competing uses in the light not of the short term or immediate profitability of the grouping of services they support, but of their return over the lifetime of the assets being acquired. Even if it were the case that Telstra’s PSTN was â€Å"profitable† in some economically relevant sense today, it is the future profitability of the service that counts; and the ever strengthening competition in this area, combined with continued heavy-handed regulatory intervention, hardly makes investment in the CAN attractive when ompared to altern atives. No less importantly, the fact remains that the ACCC’s decisions, by setting access charges below cost, cannot but distort and depress investment in regulated assets, as the return on that investment to Telstra is reduced below the return it yields to consumers and service suppliers as a whole. It is these impacts at the margin, rather than aggregate comparisons of costs and revenues, that are economically relevant. Quality Quality can be measured in terms of performance, additional features, reliability (failure or breakdowns), and conformance to standards, durability, serviceability, and aesthetics. † In addition,† the excellence of a product, including such things as attractiveness, lack of defects, reliability, and long-term dependability. † defines the expectations that many people these days have of companies and consequently, the kind of service that Telstra endeavours to deliver. [10] The importance of quality, and standards for acceptable qua lity, has increased dramatically in recent years.Firms cannot get by offering poor quality products as they could a few years ago. Customers now demand high quality and value, and generally will accept nothing less. [11] Telstra’s performance in regional and rural Australia is constantly under scrutiny. Telstra welcomes this scrutiny because the level of improvement in service levels and performance in regional, rural and remote Australia over the past two years has been dramatic. [12] In recognition of the special needs of regional customers, Telstra Country Wide â„ ¢ was established in June 2000.According to Telstra, it was one of the best business decisions they ever took. Telstra Country Wide today services three million customers who account for more than $3 billion in revenue to Telstra, no doubt a strength in revenue for Telstra, although raises questions as to whether service is being reduced to make way for increased revenue. [13] Even so, remote customers can now make untimed local calls to community service towns hundreds of kilometres away, which better reflects the reality of life in rural Australia. Mobile coverage now reaches 97% of the population.To achieve this, Telstra has been working with the Federal Government to establish mobile services to smaller towns and to improve the quality of mobile connections nationwide. [14] Speed In the Information Age, speed is everything to nearly everyone, which makes it a priority for Telstra to deliver the kind of services that people expect. While Telstra’s services in rural Australia are often reported to be lacking in terms of connection times for phone and internet, as well as the ability of Telstra staff to respond to customer requests or complaints, new technologies are being sought that can reduce these problems.Hence, how fast can Telstra develop and get a new product to market? How quickly can they respond to customer’s requests? Telstra is far better off if they are faste r than the competition and if they can respond quickly to their competitors’ actions. [15] Therefore, Telstra has seen an opportunity in this to respond to people’s needs and increasingly has promoted ‘broadband’ as a viable, effective and efficient way of ensuring speed in communications.Broadband is growing across Australia because people are attracted to faster download times and having a permanent online connection. [16] Broadband enables a high-speed permanent Internet connection. It’s about faster Internet speeds, increased capacity and capabilities and more compelling content. A modem is needed, but there are no dial in access numbers to connect to. [17] Innovations Whether it is a change in technology; a departure from previous ways of doing things or introduction of new products, innovation is something that most uccessful companies possess and use to further either market share or consumer satisfaction. Depending on Telstra’s compet itiveness and creativity, innovation can be a huge opportunity in grasping larger market shares and customers, or it can be a threat if other companies are more innovative. Telstra has managed to use innovative ideas to shape its’ success and satisfy consumer demands, some of the latest innovations being the Homeline Plans, Telstra Rewards Options, Homelink ® 1800 and Telstra Mobile CDMA. 18] Homeline plans allows the customer to select options that best suit them, whether they have friends and family close by, in another state or another country and whether they make lots of calls every day or just a few each week, in order to bring about maximum savings. [19] Telstra Rewards Options gives the customer the chance to save 5% or 10% on their phone bill by combining their Telstra home phone, Telstra Mobile and Telstra BigPondâ„ ¢, as well as having the added convenience of only one bill.Homelink ® 1800 makes it easy for a family member to call home – and they don' t need cash or special cards. [20] Telstra Mobile CDMA is used particularly in rural regions of Australia and offers: call clarity and security; network security lock; background noise suppression; and call clarity and security. Because CDMA uses a more sophisticated system of transmitting voice signals, the phone is not dissimilar to talking on a normal phone. What's more, CDMA signals are almost impossible to decipher if they are intercepted by eavesdroppers, which means conversations are more secure.Increasingly, more of Telstra’s revenues will come from their operations overseas. They will continue to see popular innovations, both overseas and in Australia, that will change the way people work, learn, communicate and receive information and entertainment. [21] In international growth, Telstra’s focus is on business mobiles, data and Internet, particularly in the Asia and Pacific Region, which is where it is felt that a good commercial history and experience there w ill help in realising opportunities for shareholders.Telstra’s investments in Asia have provided them with a platform for regional growth. [22] Downsizing Put simply, downsizing is the planned elimination of positions or jobs, and has caused its fair share of controversy surrounding companies in recent times that are laying off large numbers of workers and sacrificing customer service at the expense of large profits and boosting investor confidence. [23]Although historically, layoffs tend to affect manufacturing firms and operative level workers in particular, the most recent cycle of downsizing has focused on delivering and eliminating bureaucratic structures, and hence, â€Å"white collar† middle managers have been those chiefly affected. [24] Hence, firms such as Telstra should avoid excessive (cyclical) hiring to help reduce the need to engage in major or multiple downsizings.Beyond that, firms must avoid common mistakes such as making slow, small, frequent layoffs ; implementing voluntary early retirement programs that entice the best people to leave; or laying off so many people that company’s work can no longer be performed. [25] Therefore, caution must be sought when laying off any amount of workers, as the company must maintain job satisfaction as a strength as well as be focused on customer service in order to avoid customer dissatisfaction and hence customers going to competitors. 26] Recommendations After reviewing Telstra and comparing what they do with other business similar to theirs, I have put together a new and innovative way for Telstra to revitalise and recreate their business, this will not only improve customer service but also improve productively as this will allow many processes to be completed much faster by not needing to deal with the usual misunderstandings and confusion associated with some of their services.At present Telstra could be said to be in two worlds that of the typical bureaucratic society, which oft en is seen in public sectors, and that of new technology where by Telstra is highly involved with the introduce of new technology, yet in many ways these changes have results in more issues relating to people not understanding how to use the new technology correctly, this not includes both employees as well as their clients. Such issues as these are common when new technology is introduced, yet with a business such as Telstra which already has a variety of customer service problems, this new technology has added to their worries.The only way that Telstra can overcome these issues is by combining them, to create new innovated ideas that not only still allow human to human interaction but also makes better use of technology to not only improve customer service but also to speed it up. After considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Telstra with regard to it, it is fair to comment Telstra is well poised to continue to play a large part in the Australasian tele communications market. While Telstra is by many standards a very successful company, much of that success lay behind government protection.However, with the deregulation of the telecommunications market, the future is less certain for Telstra and more competition may threaten its market share and cause the company to improve its services. However, this should be viewed positively as an opportunity for Telstra to move forward, in particular expanding into Asia, and be seen as a company that can support itself. This increased competition will in time show Telstra’s true strengths and weaknesses in the field of telecommunications and if the company can hold its place in the Australian telecommunications industry. Reference List Interview Five Telstra Employees (They want to remain anonymous) Books – Bateman & Snell, Management: Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002 – Kelly, J. (1969). Organizational Behaviour, USA: Irwin – McShane, S an d Travaglione, T. (2003). Organisational Behaviour On The Pacific Rim, Sydney, McGraw-Hill – Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter (2003). Management, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Australia – Robbins, S. P. , Waters-Marsh, T. , Cacioppe, R. , and Millet, B. (1994). Organisational Behaviour. Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Prentice Hall – Organisational Behaviour.Leading and Managing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Prentice Hall – Sayles, L and Strauss, G. (1966). Human Behaviour In Organizations, USA: Prentice Hall Websites – Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. – Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23/ 9/05]. – Glossary Terms, Available: http://www. ots. treas. gov/glossary/gloss-m. html [24/09/05] – Marketing Strategy, Available: http://www. tutor2u. net/business/gcse/marketing_strategy_introduction. htm [24/09/05] à ¢â‚¬â€œ Telstra Facts – http://www. absoluteastronomy. om/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm [24/09/05]. – Telstra Just Too Good. Available: http://www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc [25/09/05] – Telstra Options. Available: http://www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ [26/09/05] – Telstra Corporation Ltd, History – http://www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 [23/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are driving growth to build shareholders. Available: http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – 4 Key Strategic Areas 2001.Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_3. html [ 29/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – Chairman and CEO’s Message – 2001. Available:http://www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm [24/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporaton Ltd – Domestic Reta il – 2001. Available: http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm [24/09/05]. – TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23/09/05] – Wikipedia Encyclopaedia, Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marketing_research [24/09/05]E – Journals – Brenner, O. C. , Singer, Marc G. Management Quarterly. Washington (1984). Vol. 25, Iss. 2, pg. 14 , 7 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) – Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 21 – 49 (ProQuest database, ANU) – Dotson, L. (2004) 10 Ways To Improve Your Customer Service – E. C. Pasour, J. (1983) Privatization: Is it the Answer? The Freeman – Lovata, Linda M. MIS Quarterly. Minneapolis. Jun (1987). Vol 11. Iss. 2, pg. 147, 3 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) – Wettenhall, R. Privatization in Australia: How Much and What Impacts? Canberra, Uni of Canberra. – Simintiras, Antonis C. , Lancaster, Geoffrey A. Management Decision. London (1991). Vol. 29, Iss. 4, pg. 22, 6 pgs (ProQuest database, ANU) Note: Assortments of lectures and tutorial notes have been used from Organisational Behaviour G. Appendixes SWOT Analysis of Telstra |Strengths |Weaknesses | | | |Competitive Pricing |Rural Services | |Global Nature of Competition: competing overseas eg. South-East Asia |Mobile Phone Coverage / Quality | |Internet Access – BigPondâ„ ¢ Home available across Australia for the cost|Broadband Access / Quality | |of a local call. Broadband ADSL | | |CDMA Network Coverage 97. 1% of Australian pop. Largest cellular | | |mobile coverage in Australia | | |Options to suit everyone: Combining Phone/Mobile/ Internet Bills | | |Phone Range (Landline / Mobile) | | |Directories – White & Yellow Pages (standard / electronic) | | |Opportunities |Threat s | | | | |New / Innovative Products |Increase in Competition (Optus, Vodafone, Transact etc) | |Extend services & the market share of Telstra into other counties |Lose of employment due to technology or cut cost measures | |Improving and Expanding product and service offerings in Australia |The government selling the rest of Telstra (privatisation) | ———————– [1] Telstra Facts – http://www. absoluteastronomy. com/encyclopedia/t/te/telstra. htm [24/09/05]. [2] History, Telstra Corporation Ltd – http://www. telstra. com. au/corporate/index. cfm? tR=1 [23/09/05]. [3] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, p. 53 [4] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [5] ibid [6] Telstra Just Too Good.Available: http://www. telstra. com. au/regulatory/docs/lr-104969Ziggy_ope_ed_struct_sep. doc [25 September 2 005]. [7] Bateman & Snell, Management: Competing in the New Era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2002, Glossary (G-2) [8] ibid [9] ibid [10] ibid p. 12 [11] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-7) [12] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [13] ibid [14] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – Domestic Retail – 2001. Available: http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_8. htm [24 September 2005]. [15] Bateman & Snell, op. cit p. 12 16] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available:http://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [17] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23 September 2005]. [18] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-4) [19] Telstra Options. Availa ble: http://www. telstra. com. au/telstraoptions/ [26 September 2005]. [20] ibid [21] Dr Ziggy Switkowski, Ex Chief Executive Officer, Telstra Corporation Limited. Available: ,- !† ? ?  µ  ¶  · E  § ? I I c ) * + – L M N ocUcUcUcEUcEc · iPiPiPiPiPiPi1hchttp://www. telstra. com. au/newsroom/speech. cfm? Speech=22001 [23 September 2005]. [22] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – How we are Driving Growth to Build Shareholders. Available:http://www. connect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_6. htm [23 September 2005]. [23] Bateman & Snell, op. cit, Glossary (G-3) [24] ibid p. 283 [25] TLS, Telstra Corporation Ltd – Chairman and CEO’s Message – 2001. Available:http://www. conect4. com. au/ar/01/tls01_5. htm [24 September 2005]. [26] Cooper, R. C. C. C. L. (2002) Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 21 – 49 (ProQuest database, ANU)

Cango Analysis

OVERVIEW: My initial observation is that CanGo is a company that has had some success so far. Liz and her company have many great ideas for the future of the company. However, they still need to create a mission statement to show what the company is trying to accomplish as well as what they are about. Liz was given an award, and just glossed over the story, because she had no idea how CanGo came to where they are. There was lack of planning, and didn’t even have a vision for her company. CanGo has identified a growing trend within the gaming industry that they want to use to bring them success, which is online gaming. They only problem is that they have taken on an area that is not within their normal range of business. Without looking at the challenges or risks, CanGo has jumped on board. SWOT: When looking into the SWOT analysis of the company. It is sad to say but the strength that I could come up with is luck. Due to the lack of planning, and many other areas, I am surprised CanGo has made the success that it has. Yes, CanGo does have some employees that know what they are doing, and did help contribute to that success. But overall I would say they had luck on their side. Unfortunately I have seen a wide array of weaknesses for the company. One of the biggest is communication. There isn’t any. When they had a meeting to discuss online gaming, there were never any decisions being discussed. It was, this is going to happen, hope you can deal type of situation, which leads to the strategic management of the company, or in this case lack thereof. The management of the company has no decision making processes, they just jump in head first without looking for the consequences or risks. Yes, there are benefits, but you need to check into things before making rash decisions. The company contains many levels of organization and a variety of people on their staff. Debbie seems to be the most knowledgeable and organized of the group. She is willing to help others, as well as do her own work. Nick on the other hand feels he is on top of everything and well organized. When in actuality is very far from it. Then there is Warren aka â€Å"Coach†. He has a direct approach when talking to his team members. However, gives very little guidelines. Another area that needs addressed is the work ethic of the employees, as well as giving assignments and tasks to qualified individuals. The entire project was basically put on Nick’s shoulders. He is not organized, and is not even prepared for this kind of work. RECOMMENDATIONS: The first recommendation we have for the CanGo Company is to develop a mission A professional development program would aid the CanGo staff in learning the strategic management process. This program would also aid in dealing with the dysfunction between the Operations Manager and the staff. Through study of the strategic management process, the Operations Manager would learn that moderately difficult goals are more likely to be met than impossible ones. His assignment for handling the entire online gaming project to one unorganized staff member, shows he needs this training. For example, Liz stated that their goal was to provide customers a one-stop shopping experience. Therefore, in a way stated one area of the mission for the company. Going into the entertainment service of online gaming is a step in the wrong direction, and would go against the mission statement. When giving out projects, make sure to assign it to the correct employee(s). Giving a project to the wrong employee can make or break the project, especially if they have poor organizational skills. The management also needs to follow through and give tasks to the correct person, but also give more direction. The Operations Manager needs to be more hands on. CanGo also announced an expected 500% increase in orders during the holiday season. Instead of making the online project the most important aspect or project, they need to work on the increase and making sure every area is covered. The company’s success is not based on the online gaming. They made their success through their one-stop shopping site, and they need to deal with the number of challenges that they are being faced with dealing with that. It is has a higher priority as well as is more in line with their business goals for the company. I would recommend making Debbie the Operations Manager for this project. She is well organized, is able to help teach how to best prioritize, as well as brings everyone together. I think she would accomplish more, because she is able to identify the problem without much difficulty and creates specific goals for each person for their daily activities. Plus she shows things in diagrams, such as a Gantt chart, to let everyone know within the group what needs to be done and what is a priority. The final recommendation I would make is to have CanGo go through some communication changes. They need to make a clear communications path between everyone. If someone is overwhelmed or confused, they need to be able to ask questions. If they are going to take on a new project, make sure it is discussed. So you can find out all aspects, such as challenges, risks, etc. References Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 2002. Class Videos. CanGo Quicktime Videos Week 1. Retrieved on 05/07/09. Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 2002. Class Videos. CanGo Quicktime Videos Week 2. Retrieved on 05/07/09.

Manage Risk Essay

The reason the investigation was conducted was to gauge what was both good and bad about the new cafà © opening, what needs to be changed in order to increase efficiency at work and any legislative laws involved. The conduction of the investigation was done in a way to view the aspects of staff members, the community, management and the government This investigation has been conducted in a way which sees the aspect of management, staff members, governments, and the community. A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive action. 2.Finance: The probability that an actual return on an investment will be lower than the expected return. Financial risk is divided into the following categories: Basic risk, Capital risk, Country risk, Default risk, Delivery risk, Economic risk, Exchange rate risk, Interest rate risk, Liquidity risk, Operations ri sk, Payment system risk, Political risk, Refinancing risk, Reinvestment risk, Settlement risk, Sovereign risk, and Underwriting risk. 3.Food industry: The possibility that due to a certain hazard in food there will be an negative effect to a certain magnitude. 4. Insurance: A situation where the probability of a variable (such as burning down of a building) is known but when a mode of occurrence or the actual value of the occurrence (whether the fire will occur at a particular property) is not. A risk is not an uncertainty (where neither the probability nor the mode of occurrence is known), a peril (cause  of loss), or a hazard (something that makes the occurrence of a peril more likely or more severe). 5.Securities trading: The probability of a loss or drop in value. Trading risk is divided into two general categories: (1) Systemic risk affects all securities in the same class and is linked to the overall capital-market system and therefore cannot be eliminated by diversification. Also called market risk. (2) Nonsystematic risk is any risk that isn’t market-related or is not systemic. Also called nonmarket risk, extra-market risk, or unsystemic risk. 6.Workplace: Product of the consequence and probability of a hazardous event or phenomenon. For example, the risk of developing cancer is estimated as the incremental probability of developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to potential carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Procedure: Scope: Risks are found in all organizational activities.The background behind this report is to manage the current risks that are currently effecting the MacVille Cafe, Toowoomba and to enhance any opportunities available to the organisation. The purpose of this risk assessment is to identify risks related to the MacVille Cafe, Toowoomba. The risk assessment will be utilized to identify risks related to the cafe. During inspection of the organisational premises, many risks have been identified as potential high-risk. Goals 1) Put a Policy and Procedure in place – by putting this in place and having a hard copy available. Instead of having Mr. Hurley address this manually each week, all staff will have will have something to turn to on a daily basis if they weren’t at the cafe when Mr. Hurley was present. 2) Train staff in water use – by giving the staff proper training in relation to the water usage at the cafe, this will help water waste reduction and will help the organisation out financially. 3) Renovate the Cafe – By renovating the cafe, fit-out will look inviting and refreshed. Replacing any old, broke and unstable furniture, and removing old carpet, will benefit the organisation by decreasing and accidents where staff and customers are concerned. 4) Water Tank Installation – by having a water tank installed, it will allow more savings on the water bill, which will benefit the organisation in many  financial ways. The cafe can collect rainwater and substitute t hat for mains pressure water for cleaning and washing purposes. 5) Increase of Sales Promotions – by encouraging the staff to get involved with these promotions, this will bring many financial benefits to the organisation. Risk management goals and objectives should be consistent with and supportive of the enterprise’s business objectives and strategies. Therefore, the organization’s business model provides an important context for risk management. Accomplishing and maintaining these goals helps enliven the cafà © and enhance the wholesome spirit we want to project. These goals are long term, ongoing and ever evolving as we grow and learn our business, and are in no particular order: 1. To maintain positive balance in our lives so that the business rounds us out and reflects our values. 2. To embody the meaning of hospitality through a strong, reliable staff. 3. To offer our community wholesome foods that are satisfying, great tasting, and worth every penny. 4. To have our employees and customers feel appreciated, supported and satisfied, every time they come in. 5. To support local, independent business and the farming community through buying locally, keeping it simple and in season. 6. To remain connected to our community with our charitable giving. 7. To have this business comfortably support our employee family in all ways possible.

Call to action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Call to action - Essay Example They as well offer local volunteer opportunities, mentorship programs for students and social events. Evaluate the laws about Fracking To address the major issues of environment, health and compensation, groups that draw membership from the immediate environment affected by drilling, the Environment Law Society should make it their responsibility to look at the current laws in place. This is an effort to aid those affected. As part of the Arizona state, they should mind their environment using the law knowledge they have. In Arizona, there are a number of groups that are deeply and widely involved in environmental issues. However, these groups are riddled with politics when it comes to the issue of fracking and as such, a rather ‘independent and neutral’ group should be used to champion issues that arise. With consideration of the sub issue of compensation, a rather affected group should be chosen. Considering this, the best group is the Arizona Farm Bureau, a Tucson bas ed farm and ranch organization. The groups should come together to propose a law that may be sent to the responsible arm of the state administration. The environment law society of the University of Arizona should be the uniting body and streamline all legal actions of the groups to form a strong proposal. Extend Legal Education to the community regarding effects of fracking Since the group is based on the values of a free and enlightened community that is environmentally sensitive the Environmental law society should involve the community. It should realize the need to educate people more on the environment, face challenges and come up with solutions. There are shaky environmental laws which are not known to many. While they make proposals for better and stringent laws that govern fracking they should also is to disseminate legal environment knowledge to as many as possible as a step towards conservation. What should be of importance to them is the fact that the environmental laws are functional, well known to the people and followed accordingly. The constant bickering and politicking regarding environmental issues should not concern them. The environmental law society should not only leave a community that is aware of laws about fracking and their rights to safety, it should also do that on other environmental laws. This is a call to action for them in time since there are many issues affecting the environment especially executed by drilling companies that do little to mind the people. Conduct Mass Awareness Campaigns The Environmental Law Society is a major contributor to the Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy (â€Å"AJELP†) which is a multi-discipline student-run journal. The AJELP examines environmental issues from scientific, legal, public policy, economic and other perspectives. This helps in creation of an engaging, responsive platform to discuss and drawing attention to pertinent environmental issues in law and policy. The journal pu blishes environment articles on a rolling basis thereby of providing updates that are timely and legal and of interest to the environmental community. The club should use this platform to advocate for a response by airing the grievances of the affected people on print media. The issue of the negative effects of drilling has long been concealed due to lack of exposure for what they really cause. The environmental law society should dwell on this until audience is given. The other feasible actions

Miranda rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miranda rights - Essay Example On July 15, 2003, the California Supreme Court unanimously overturned a murder conviction "based on confessions gained by the deliberate violation of a suspected killer's Miranda rights." (Law 2003). Justice Marvin Baxter was very firm in his opinion that officers have an absolute obligation to "play by the rules when questioning suspects in custody and that their deliberate failure to do so will be severely disciplined." (Law 2003). Kenneth Ray Neal was convicted of second degree murder for the 1999 strangulation murder of his friend and housemate Donald Collins. Neal was subsequently sentenced to fifteen years to life in prison. Neal was an obviously uneducated eighteen year old, and Detective Mario Martin deliberately continued to question Neal even after he asked for a lawyer nine times. After spending a night in jail the eighteen year old sought Detective Martin out and confessed to the murder. The California Supreme Court decided that Neal's decision to re-contact Martin was "involuntary" based specifically on the detective's deliberate violate of Neal's Miranda rights, his youth, inexperience and low intelligence. They further cited "promises and threats made by Martin and the fact that Neal was isolated and deprived of food and water while in jail." (Law 2003). The California Supreme Court further stated that "the consequence of the officer's misconduct-the absolute inability to introduce the confessions at trial-is severe, but is intended to deter other officers from engaging in misconduct of this sort in the future." (Law 2003). The California Attorneys for Criminal Justice made a strong argument that officers around the country are being taught to ignore Miranda with the hope of getting evidence to impeach the accused. Many times when an officer has just elicited a confession to a crime he has a sinking sensation when he realizes he inadvertently violated Miranda. If the crime was serious and the suspect's statement absolutely crucial to proving the case that sinking feeling will soon turn into panic. Many officers, when caught in this scenario will offer up the suspect's Miranda rights, and simply start over as though there had been no violation at all. (Miranda 2004). The suspect, having already confessed, rarely realizes the tactics until it is too late. In the case of Oregon v. Elstad a sheriff's deputy arrested eighteen year old Michael Elstad in his home on a burglary warrant, and without obtaining a Miranda waiver, the deputy asked Elstad if he knew the victim of the burglary. Elstad agreed that he did in fact know the victim. The deputy then stated that he believed Elstad to be a party to the break-ins and Elstad admitted "I was there." Later, once Elstad was at the sheriff's office, he waived his Miranda rights and confessed. The issue became whether the subsequent confession should have been allowed as the first statement Elstad made regarding being at the scene of the burglary was elicited without proper Miranda warning. The court pointed out that "failure to warn-which it termed a "technical" violation-differs in significant respects from constitutional violations which have traditionally mandated a broad application of the

An investment scheme to finance boot camps Research Proposal

An investment scheme to finance boot camps - Research Proposal Example This is to ensure that children attention is arrested before they are swayed by peer pressure. Behavioral finance is a new field that tries to combine both the behavioral and cognitive physiology in explaining the reasons why people make financial decisions that are irrational. The financial decisions being made by various institutions mandated with protecting the interests of the vulnerable children are failing to capture the real issues that need to be addressed in order to improve the living standards of the children. Exposing the children to some environment is playing a significant role in diverting them towards the education. As a result, they end up not helping their parents once they grow up (Maisel 2014). Therefore, it is critical to understand the importance of behavioral finance especially while making financial decisions that will affect other people. Investor behavior keeps on deviating from logic and reason. The behavior is mainly affected by emotional processes, mental mistakes, and individual personality. These make it very hard to make decisions. Therefore, investment is not a matter of analyzing numbers. Instead, a large part of investment is embedded on the individual behavior. There are many types of behavioral biasness while investing. For instance, cognitive bias can be seen as a rule of thumb which can lead to a systematic deviation from the correct judgment. Some of the common behavioral biasness that can affect the investors’ decisions includes representativeness, worry, disposition effect, familiarity bias, anchoring, and self-attribution biasness (Maisel 2014). In economics, financial intermediation is a process that involves borrowing money and lending it to other parties that are in dire need for financial support. Children act as an important investment for any government or society. Therefore, in this case, the money from the investors will be used to finance different activities being undertaken in the boot camps.

The Impact of the Euro Since Its Launch Dissertation

The Impact of the Euro Since Its Launch - Dissertation Example The Euro is one of the stable currencies in the world. It is the official currency of the eurozone which consists of 17 member states of the European Union. The euro was introduced as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. The notes and coins for the euro were brought into circulation on 1 January 2002. In the period between the introduction of the currency and the advent of its notes and coins, the preceding currencies’ notes and coins were accepted, however such currencies were fixed against the euro. The significance of the currency on a global scale can be determined by the fact that it has become second largest reserve currency in the world. Apart from that, it has also become second most traded currency all over the world after the US $. According to the statistics released by European Union, more than â‚ ¬800 billion were in circulation as at June 2010. The euro has surpassed US$ in the combined value of notes and coins in circulation all over the world. According to the estimates released by IMF, eurozone is the second largest economy in the world. Many US economists had criticized the idea of a currency such as euro. According to such economists, euro was bound to be a failure and it would not last for so long. However, euro surpassed everyone’s expectations and in a very short period of time, it evolved to be one of the most powerful currencies in the world. Most economists were against the idea of monetary unification however the success of euro proves that mone tary unification is an evolutionary process. ... However, euro surpassed everyone’s expectations and in a very short period of time, it evolved to be one of the most powerful currencies in the world. Most economists were against the idea of monetary unification however the success of euro proves that monetary unification is an evolutionary process. From these facts and figures, it can be inferred that euro has become one of the most powerful currencies in the world and it has significant impact on the global economy. 2. Euro as Reserve Currency In order for a currency to be a favoured reserve currency, it must have well developed financial markets. The euro was formed after the unification of 17 currencies of the member states of the European Union. The unification strengthened the euro financial markets and it lowered the macro-economic risks of the countries in eurozone. This was one of the reasons why euro became one of the biggest reserve currencies all around the world. It inherited its reserve status from the currencie s that dissolved into euro. Before the introduction of euro the overall share of US$ as reserve currency was 70.9% which dropped to 64% in the year 2008. On the other hand, the inherited proportion of the euro as reserve currency was 17.9% in the year in which it was introduced, i.e., 1998. One of the reasons behind the euro’s status of one of the most reserve currencies is due to German Mark. The proportion of euro as reserve currency increased to 26.5% in the year 2008. The euro has significantly affected the status of US$ as a reserve currency. Most economists are also debating the possibility of the euro replacing the US$ as the most held reserve currency. According to David

Business Support System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Support System - Research Paper Example Marketers are able to communicate to their target market by use of appropriate, interesting and real ways that customers are elated about and also that entertain them thus persuading them to respond to the offer in the market. This way, promotional programs that are more appealing can be devised that ultimately elicit encouraging returns. This is the reason why marketers would go for augmented reality as it suits and allows smarter interaction with the immediate environment. Augmented reality has come in handy in real estate since by use of technology someone can locate a house for sale by the use of a phone. This is very practical and saves a lot of time since there is no need of searching for that information manually. Augmented reality has even some more applications in the real world. For example technology can be embraced to derive a way through which a customer can be permitted to visualize the contents of a product without having to actually open it. This will therefore motiva te customers who in turn will be tempted to try the product leading to possible impulse buying. Engineers can utilize augmented reality to have a taste of their products operation even before the actual launch something that will give room for more improvement on the product before the buyers use it. Case Study Two The general trend in the market seemed to nose dive leading to uncertainty in almost all other sectors the economy. The prevailing market conditions in 2010 triggered the downward trend of activities in the investment arena (Alison, 2008). The aspect of the debt that European held also had an immense influence on the way investors made their ultimate decision regarding their patterns of investing. The confidence of investors was also ruined by the fact that no one had the surety that Greece could be in a position to settle its debts something that everyone was looking up to. All these uncertainties led to the stagnation of the economy thus leading to the collapse of figur es of many industries that are the economic engines of the country. These events are the precedents of the flash crash that took place shortly after. The benefits of electronic trading are explicit in the market even today. These have far reaching advantages compared to brokers who are basically human. In the electronic trading for example, trading activities are done with accurate speed hence reliability and effectiveness is guaranteed. Moreover, brokers and other concerned agents tend to charge exorbitant fees to deliver on some activities something that may cripple the entire process. Therefore the electronic trading system comes in handy due to its reduced costs involved that help increase on the returns. The other hand efficiency is guaranteed by this system since buyers and sellers can be satisfactorily matched. There are some factors related to the electronic trading programs that contributed to the crash. This is a very unfortunate occurrence since a lot of utility was expec ted to be derived from these systems. There was a total imbalance and distortion of prices as their execution would be done with no regard to any price or time thus as selling continued prices dropped sharply. The effect of this is that what is there on offer to the market has to be sold aggressively to counteract bad prices that could bring huge losses. All these complicated processes frighten

Show 'n Multimedia project presentation Assignment

Show 'n Multimedia project presentation - Assignment Example We apply Mathematical skills in our daily life. We also need to learn the concepts of Mathematics at earlier stages in order to conceptualize the Mathematics knowledge from an earlier stage of learning. Carry out the Smart Notebook activities with the students. These activities will include: installing the smart notebook software and showing the students how to do the same, use the software to show the students how to solve mathematical problems involving Mathematical operations using the Math tools in the smart notebook such as protractor, dividers, rulers, compass, and squares. Show the students step by stem method of using smart notebook and let them repeat the exercise several times until they master the concept and understand how to apply smart notebook software with Math tools to handle Math problems. The students can then be divided into groups to learn the same smart notebook activities for practice. The use of PowerPoint presentation is applicable in aiding visual understanding. For students with different special needs, the use of DI strategies such as balancing individual work and teamwork. Giving formative assignments to differentiate them, conduct mini-lessons within the lesson, differentiate them through the groups, give them a chance to speak and choose groups in class, and reflect on the setting of the lesson goals in order to make them master the content of the lesson. In addition, I will use UDL Principles in order to ascertain their mastery of the

How has the treatment of cancer evolved over the past 10 years Research Paper - 1

How has the treatment of cancer evolved over the past 10 years - Research Paper Example cannot imagine the circulation of blood in the veins and arteries of the body, not only this, but if blood is not circulated then the liver may cease to perform its function and in turn, kidney shall stop filtering the waste out of the body. If waste is not excreted out of the body then it will obstruct the digestion procedure and hence the process of assimilation will be hindered and ultimately the body will lack the energy that it requires to perform various tasks and thus one can imagine how the machinery inside the body functions. The most significant components, however, in the body that lays the foundation of the entire human structure are cells. Cells in medical terms are known to be the building blocks of a human body. Every organ is composed of these cells. Blood circulation is the most important condition that is to be met for the continuation of life in a body cannot take place without the presence of cells. But the paradox is, if these cells start growing unnecessarily than they may prove to be as dangerous as being fatal. Cells in a human body are produced by the multiplication of existing cells and splitting of these cells provides the human body with its cell requirement from time to time. When the body does not require some cells, they die and are drained out of the body in various forms. However if the cells began to divide and give birth to more cells without the body needing them then this causes complexities in the body and leads to a disease known to us as cancer. Cancer is the abnormal growt h of body cells and it may take place at any portion of the body. Growth of the human body is a natural phenomenon and it takes place by virtue of the dispensable ability of the body cells. A cell divides into two, two divides into four and four into eight and so on and so forth, as per the body requirement. The DNA in the cells contains all the information regarding growth or demise of cells in the body if this information is corrupted, by reasons to be

Rotator cuff tear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Rotator cuff tear - Essay Example The shoulder (Mercier 28-29) is composed of three bones: the scapula,, the clavicle and the humerus. The scapula is a thin bone that articulates widely and closely with the posterior chest wall. It also articulates with the humerus by way of a small, shallow, glenoid cavity and with the clavicle at the acromion process. The clavicle and scapula are suspended from the cervical and thoracic vertebrae by the trapezius, levator scapula, and rhomboid muscles. Four articulations constitute the shoulder joint: the glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular, and sternoclavicular joints. The stability of these joints is provided by a series of ligaments and muscles. Motion of the arm results from the coordinated efforts of several muscles. With the irritation of shoulder motion, the scapula is first stabilized. The muscles of the rotator (musculotendinous) cuff then steady the humeral head in the glenoid cavity and cause it to descent. Elevation of the arm results from a combination of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joint movements. One third of total shoulder abduction is provided by forward and lateral movement of the scapula. The remaining two thirds occurs at the glenohumeral joint through progressively increasing activity of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles. Thus, even in the complete absence of glenohumeral motion, scapulothoracic movement can still abduct the arm approximately 600 to 700. The muscle of the rotator cuff (supraspinatus, teres minor, infraspinatus, subscapularis) are separated from the overlying "coracoacromial arch" by two bursae, the subdeltoid and the subcoracoid. These bursae frequently communicate and are affected by lesions of the musculotendinous cuff, acromioclavicular joint, and adjacent structures. They are frequently referred to as the subacromial bursa. Primary diseases of this bursa are rare, although secondary involvement is quite common. The shoulder (Matt, July 23, 2002) is made up of three bones: the scapula (shoulder blade), the humerus (upper arm bone), and the clavicle (collar bone). The rotator cuff connects the humerus to the scapula. The rotator cup is formed by the tendons of four muscles: the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Tendons attach muscle to the bones. Muscles move the bones by pulling on the tendons. The rotator cuff helps raise and rotate the arm. As the arm is raised, the rotator cuff also keeps the humerus tightly in the socket of the scapula. The upper part of the scapula that makes up the roof of the shoulder is called acromion, A bursa is located between the acromion and the rotator cuff tendons. A bursa is a lubricated sac of tissue that cuts down on the friction between two moving parts. Bursae are located all over the body where tissue must rub against each other. In this case, the bursa protects the acromion and the rotator cuff from grinding against each other. The Encyclopedia of Medicine explained the movements of the shoulder joint as follows: "The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint which allows 3600 of movement to give maximum flexibility. In addition to enabling these movements, the muscles of the pectoral girdle add stability. The movements

Uranium Mining in New Mexico Essay Example for Free

Uranium Mining in New Mexico Essay Uranium mining and milling has potential economic benefits in creating jobs in the community, and sustaining the high demands of uranium all over the world. But economic factors should not be considered alone. As many people died and suffered from illnesses and diseases of uranium mining and radiation exposure, the proposal to build a new mining company is a great issue and concern for all community leaders and members to consider and debated upon. During the past years, nuclear power has started a debate regarding its potential benefits in the economy and as an alternative source of energy. Pro-nuclear arguments maintain that nuclear energy has less carbon intensity compared to fossil fuels which is detrimental to the environment. However, as details of true carbon analysis of nuclear energy remains unclear, the fundamental critical aspect of using nuclear energy remains to be a debate. This paper presents an analysis on uranium mining and milling in Crownpoint, New Mexico. In the vast Navajo Reservation, towards Crownpoint, approximately 3,000 people lives along the Continental Drive 100 miles northwest of Albuquerque. in the high desert of northwestern New Mexico, many Navajo communities live in isolated and scattered places. The area is surrounded by the color yellow dust of what characterized Crownpoint as a community. Uranium oxide which is highly used as a nuclear energy has been regarded as Crownpoint’s most abundant resource (Begay, 2008). Through the late 1940’s through the mid 1980’s, uranium is gathered from the place. Several mining companies already blasted and hauled truck loads of uranium in the place, and dried the mineral in piles in different areas across the American West. The Navajo tribe occupies areas over western New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The center of the uranium mining is located in those areas and hundreds to thousands of Navajos has worked for the mines (KRQUE News Channel 13, 2008). Today, many abandoned mine places remain. The global production of uranium followed after several years of supplying nuclear weapon programs. Uranium is perceived as a finite resource. During the past years, the availability of uranium is limited, but when further exploration led to further discovery of resources, miners took the advantage of gathering the finite resources (KRQUE News Channel 13, 2008). However, the Crownpoint, New Mexico community has seen the consequences of uranium mining especially to the health problem emerging today. The degraded land is a result of mines closing in the area, however, as efforts to rehabilitate the area entails uranium gathering again, people are concerned for their safety (Shebala, 2008). Exposure to radiation brought by uranium mining and milling is compensated by the government. Uranium miners before the mining areas were closed are in their 70’s and 80’s, and are continuously seeking help from local community health officers to get diagnosed and treated for radiation exposure. During the 1950 to 1990, 500 uranium workers have died from lung cancer (Shebala, 2008). The persisting health problems brought by radiation exposure to uranium have affected the community until today. When the people inhales uranium dust and particles, the mineral stays in their lungs and release high doses of radiation. Uranium may be potential economically-beneficial resources which will help many people have jobs, and helps economy and other sectors in the society (Begay, 2008). However, with the increased and continuous negative effects of uranium mining proves harmful to the people living in the community, people remains to be against uranium mining. Attempts to renew the mining area Currently, there is a new effort to revive the uranium mining areas. The company Hydro Resources Incorporated, a sub company of the Uranium Resources Incorporated of Dallas, plans to use the mining area with a new system (KRQUE News Channel 13, 2008). The people remain to be divided on the issue of building a new mining company in the area. The new mining company will take over Crownpoint and nearby Church Rock. The company promised a new method to take care of the persistent groundwater problems in the community. The company promises the communities better and safer system by adopting a mining system called situ leach mining. The process involves mixing water, dissolved oxygen and sodium bicarbonate which will be then included in the underground uranium beds. The proposed new system will dissolve in the process and it can then be removed, dried and processed (KRQUE News Channel 13, 2008). However, issues and concern were raised in this proposal. The water in the new system will come from the Westwater Canyon Aquifer of Crownpoint, the main source of drinking water for the people in Crownpoint and other surrounding areas. The company planning to work in the site promises a uranium nuclear power industry which will create more job opportunities for the people and maintain safe drinking water. The communities expressed their great concern if the company will start another mining industry. For one, they were concern if the process of underground mining will affect the quality of their drinking water supply. If the process will pollute the drinking water system, they can be infected with serious diseases and health hazards. The Navajo people will become more vulnerable to kidney and other related disease due to poor water quality if the process will be adopted. Crownpoint has already complained about the contamination of uranium in their water supply. Navajo president Mr. Mitchell Capitan in the Crownpoint chapter strongly protests about this plan in the area. He argues that about 15,000 people from surrounding communities travel to their place to gather drinking water because their own water supply is poor. If the only quality water supply is contaminated, this will pose a serious series of problems (KRQUE News Channel 13, 2008). The uranium nuclear energy problem The uranium industry in Crownpoint has long been debated as an issue which relates to degradation of the environment and health problems. Uranium mining has significant economic resources, seen by companies as an opportunity to sustain global needs of the mineral. The uranium companies are strongly advocating that uranium mining will increase economic benefits and create jobs for the community. They also insist that uranium mining is not harming the environment. However, limited data and research does not guarantee this. Companies also failed in addressing key issues in the health of the community, making the community more concerned of their safety. Uranium mining may be beneficial to some extent in the economics of the community, but the issue is not dependent on the money and profit alone. Long-term problems must be addressed, including environmental costs in the energy and water consumption of the people. Crucial environmental aspects in uranium mining must be considered to understand the cycle of the options for the community. Activities in uranium mining and milling must be able to attend to the health care needs, concerns and issues to protect the welfare of the Crownpoint community. References: KRQUE News 13 (2008). â€Å"Uranium poised for N. M comeback. † KRQUE. Retrieved on April 20, 2008, from http://www. krqe. com/Global/SearchResults. asp? vendor=wssqu=uranium. Begay, Christine (2008). New Mexico is to Uranium as Saudi Arabia is to Oil. Viacom International Inc. Retrieved on April 20, 2008, from http://think. mtv. com/044FDFFFF0098990200170098D7E0/. Shebala, Marley (2008). MTV looks at opposing views of uranium. Navajo Times. Retrieved on April 20,2008,from http://www. navajotimes. com/entertainment/031308uranium. php.

The Role Of Global Leadership Management Essay

The Role Of Global Leadership Management Essay A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way. According to Peters ducker leadership is not about a list of some qualities, attributes, charisma and it cant be same in all the leaders, its all about delivery of performance, the way managers present, solve issues and have got the ability to make other people work in a right way. Leadership is not always about consequences in between leader and followers and it wont be consider as affective leadership if there is lack of consequences in between leader and followers, On the other hand it doesnt mean that followers always think and believe that whatever leader says is right. example of good team and leader is that whenever leader is wrong, followers should raise the point with the appropriate knowledge and logic and on the other hand leader If think any doubt about his planning he should take valid points in to consideration and try to accept and amend it. When person start saying he doesnt know here learning starts and person who is a good listener is always a good leader. There are 3 styles of leadership which are as follow: a) Authoritarian or autocratic: ( I Want Both Of U To à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) This style is specifically use when leaders tell their employee that they want this done and in that time period usually in such cases all the information is ready or available. This condition is suitable when employees has al the relevant information to solve the problem o rleader is short on time and employees are well motivated. Some people think that this style is yelling style, like ordering rather then working as a team. b) Participative (Democratic): (Lets Work Together To Solve This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) This style involves the leader to include one or more employees in the decision making process in terms of what to do and how to do? However leader maintains the final decision making authority but on one hand it shows weakness of the leader that he doesnt have full knowledge, but its always not necessary that leader should have all the knowledge of the problem. If leaders use this style its mutual benefit on one hand it allows leader to become part of a team and on the other hand allows leader to make better decision. c) Delegative (Free Reign): (You Two Care Of The Problems While I Go) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) In this style managers allow employee to take decision but still leader has the power of final decision and he can apply this practice only if he trust his employees in such a way that even if they take wrong decision so he will be responsible. In a whole task you cant do everything you must allocate certain tasks to employees. Normally good leaders apply all the three styles in their work it just depend on the nature of work and time that which style has to follow and in leadership, leader should never be so soft that its so easy for employee to mould it and never be so hard that could easy to break. Before discussing about global leadership skills its important to have some reviews on leadership skills first to get the appropriate vision of global leadership skills. A leader is a dealer in hope. (Napoleon Bonaparte) Some of the leadership skills are as follow: 1; Cognitive Skills 2: Interpersonal Skills 3: Business Skills 4: Strategic Skills 1: Cognitive skills can be explain as the base of leadership skills because of the characteristics involved in it such as collecting, processing, disseminating information and learning, leader has to involve in all those activities. Leader has to be good in oral communication as speaking he should be able to deliver or convey his message accurately that what and why it needs to be accomplish. Apart from speaking he should be a good listener on the other hand to listen questions and reply accurately in time to achieve the desire task. both of these qualities accomplish communication skill. his written skill plays vital role as well he should be a good in writing in terms of delivering his message and also can read well in order to understand and achieve tasks which are required.Active learning is also one of the characteristics which is very important in leadership. leader should be fast learner, should have the ability to act on emergent, non routine and dynamic situations at the job . 2: Interpersonal and social skill is another important step of the leadership skills as its related with interacting and influencing others. it comes in the category, as referred by the previous researches as social capacities, social judgement, social complexity and differentiation and human relation. its all about of understanding other people behaviour, why they react on such situations and their performance under pressure work environment. it involves coordination of actions and negotiating to reconcile differences among employee perspectives and establish mutually satisfying relationships. With this skill its also make people to believe and influence in such a way to accomplish organizational tasks more effectively. 3: Business Skills specifically use for managing personal resources of the business and to develop, motivate, identify and promote employees the way they work as well as management of financial resources and organizations unit. Strategic Skills are highly conceptual and based on strategies which leader has to implement at the required time in the organization for affective results. sometime they have to forecast such situations and has to prepare strategies. This include important planning and visioning of future situations. Strategic skill is also problem solving component which identifies problem and become increasingly important for these jobs to identify problems and make necessary steps to solve it. Aims and Objective The reason Toyota is been chosen is because of its size, growth, strategies as a multi national company its leadership skills. In such a big company it will be easy to discuss different points and theories with examples .Basic aim of the project is to see how leadership skills affects companys business, how good and bad leadership makes difference, how with the help of their strategies and leadership skills they have reached to the success heights. Here we will also outline the role of leader globally as in terms of his/her skills in a multi national organization. Their responsibilities, duties and skills that should exist as part of their personality. We discuss about leadership skills above, which are more or less similar to the qualities of global leadership qualities in multi national organization. Role of Global Leadership Organization is basically planned, understood, coordinated and purposeful action of human beings to produce a product can be tangible or intangible but this product market limited just in the country however multinational organization is group of people who can produce and market product not only inside the country but abroad as well on international basis. so its very obvious that the nature of business and number of problems will be less if compared with multinational organization so similarly responsibilities and duties of local company leader will be less then the global leader, take an example of a Local company for example Ashwin Travellers they have got their branches in different cities of UK so the responsibility of its manager will be far less then the responsibilities of a multi national organization for example Toyota. Well according to some writers there is no such thing as global manager, Usually multinational companies hired three kind of persons in multinational companies Business manager Country manager Functional manager and Corporate manager . 1: Business Manager :- consist of three parts which are Strategist + Architect + Coordinator. One of the responsibility of global business manager is to improve companies global scale efficiency and competitiveness. In this task business manager has to recognize the current and future opportunities of the company that how can they make profit in long term goals apart from that he has to take in to consideration the global market risks and competitors across the borders and before making any strategic plan or decision he should have knowledge of all those risks and factors which could affect their plans as in whole. His job is to take full advantage of the integrated worldwide operations. As in Toyota, they have got different brands in different countries but its not necessary that all models are famous in all regions of the world they have to observe the demand and supply graph or look over the sale graph of different models in different countries after that they can assess well that which product/model needs marketing efforts on the other hand increase the supply of the mode ls which are selling out faster for example according to the search in Toyota Yaris, Avensis and Lexus are more famous and use in Uk at the moment on the other hand in middle east Toyota Jeeps, Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux and Land Cruiser are more famous so in comparison of both it totally needs different market strategies and demand and supply chain so all these factors should take in to consideration and related to the job of business manager to keep an eye on these factors and take accurate decisions at the right time. Three roles should be played very affectively by the business manager firstly act as a strategist for his organization, and architect of its worldwide assets and resource configuration, and should have an idea of transactions across the national borders. Al Cabito Group Vice President , sales administration, Toyota motor sales provide great insights into Toyotas emerging build to order strategy. Toyotas annual profit in 2003 were $8.13 billions, much more then combine income of GM, Ford and Chrysler and the biggest profit of the auto makers in the last decade. so all this profit and high production is because of excellence in strategies and architect with coordination which consider as the key of Business manager. 2: Country Manager :- consist of three parts Sensor + Builder + Contributor. National subsidiaries are always use building block for most of the world wide companies. If on one hand global business manager job is to achieve global scale efficiency and competitiveness on the other hand job of country manager is to activate his market sensors 24/7, 365 days a year in order to get a clear vision of the sensitiveness and response of the local market. the job of countrys manager is not only to meet customer needs but also required satisfaction of the host government requirements and defend their position in the market against local and external competitors. As Business manager, country manager has to fulfil 3 vital job aspects. He should be sensor and interpreter of the local market opportunities and threats as in risk, should be the builder of all the local resources and capabilities, and act as a contributor too and to act as active participant in the global strategy. Country manager job activities should be very fast and accurate as in terms of gathering and transferring information regarding market reports in terms of risks, demand and supply of the product, because all those local information plays important role in big decisions and strategic planning. This act matches to one of Toyotas principle Right process produces Right results In terms of Toyota, Ken Elliot, Service parts centre, national manger shared a lot in making Toyota Way Culture in a new parts of distribution centre. As auto maker industry job of country manager isnt easy as because of the different brands of different countries in the market. In UK alone there are approximate 55 car manufacture so its mean every week each car maker comes up with new model, price and warranty. so for this purpose country managers sensor should be working fast and on top of that its fast and accurate delivery. He should be active as in terms of contributor as well should have the knowledge of all market reports in terms of contributing. 3: The Functional Manager:- consist of 3 parts Scanner + Cross Pollinator + Champion. The above two managers have come in to their own well in case of Functional manager have to get recognition in many multinational companies through them. functional manager support staff roles, excluded from important meetings, and even dismissed unnecessary overhead. Organizations who build a culture of learning to create and spread innovations needs such skills to transfer with the connection of scare resources and capabilities across national borders. The above objective is very important and to achieve this functional manager at his best practice has scan specialized information worldwide and champion innovations that may offer transactional opportunities and applications. Innovation, basically start with new opportunity or market threat to the manger for example technological development, pending government regulation, when any of the above situation arises around the world corporate head quarter take it very lightly if viewed in isolation but when scanner serves by a functional manager with the reason that expertise should find any trends and move knowledge across the boundaries then the person can transform piecemeal information in to strategic intelligence. Take an example of Toyota it starts with big 5 seated car in the past but with the passage of time they have seen the people demand changing to small cars so on the other hand, they have started production of small cars with smaller engines. Recent example of innovation is Toyota green car which run on electricity, the reason of its production and spending loads of money on its research is just to attract customers and capture the market as they have realised the market demand earlier. 4: Corporate Manager :- Consist of 3 parts Leader + Talent scout + Developer. This is crystal clear that there is no single model for Corporate manager neither the old line international specialist manager not even today any generalist can handle the modern day complexities of cross border strategies. corporate managers deals with many levels of responsibility playing the most vital role in transactional management. Corporate manager always lead in broadest sense and they always realise and identifies the importance and develop the talented business, country and functional managers and balance the negotiation among the three. its in the hand of corporate managers to develop and promote strong managerial specialists who have got the ability to give vision to the strategies around the world. The very first step as a senior executive is to identify those in the organization who have potential and ability to become a global manager. broad vision, deep understanding of the business, country and functional task. Their will be other talented managers in the organization but all of them are not flexible with all combinations discussed above especially when it comes to cross border coordination and integration. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The above research is based on Global leadership skills, but before starting major of global leadership it was essential firstly to give a brief description of general leadership and its skills in normal organization and after words major portion was done relating to the base of this assignment. For this research different articles, journals and books have been referred to retrieve the quality data in order to deliver accurate and up to date information. Athens has played a vital role in the accomplishment of this data, its the same online service which is not only use around the world but is also used by UK education community, NHS and The British Council. To explain and portray the crystal clear image of the topic company which has been selected after a deep research is Toyota and tried hard to explain points related to the companys situation. LIMITATIONS There are few limitations which are explain as follow: 1: Interview were require from the Toyota companies higher rank employee regarding their growth, expansion and strategies, which unfortunately, wasnt possible. 2: Analytical data would have been more help full and would have explain few more points clearly regarding the affect of good global leader strategies in terms of graphs and tables. 3: Interview were require from some regular customers of Toyota who are using this product since ages, their feed back could have some add on in the research work CONCLUSION There is at least one point in the history of any company when you have to change dramatically to rise to the next level of performance. Miss that moment and you start to decline. (Andy Grove) Organization is like a horse, just like horse need a good rider same as organization needs a good leader to run up to its maximum capacity, see long term goals, give vision to the strategies around the world. Effective leadership of the company is essential for every organization in the world of today. Global leadership requires not only training but also vast amount of experience and confident to run the company in its difficult time. As its not essential that global leadership should be the same as discuss in the above reading because thousands of research has been done on this topic by various writers and especially now a days where companies arent limited to production of units it has been expanded to services as well so in terms of services role of global leader can be different up to some extent, in that case information technology and knowledge management plays vital role. The success of Toyota which has been discussed above is not only because of their leadership skills but it about the organization culture as well the way they have created that culture which they named as The Toyota Way and also 14 principles of Toyota. Person in any company name as Business manager Country manager Functional manager and Corporate manager considered to different person for different jobs but this can be done by one person depending up on his contacts, experience and the way he performed his duties. Role of local leader is no more different then the role of global leader but just add on some extra powers and when extra powers comes it doesnt come alone it always come with greater responsibility.